HEMINGWAY

ERNEST HEMINGWAY - Nobel prize winner in 1954(The old man and the sea),one of the "lost generation " writers (Scott Fitzgerald,Jonh Doss Passos)
FAREWELL TO ARMS - a brilliant story of love and war(WWI)
FOR WHOM THE BELL TOLLS -WWII
THE SUN ALSO RISES,TO HAVE AND TO HAVE NOT,THE GREEN HILLS OF
AFRICA,A MOVEABLE FEAST,THE OLD MAN AND THE SEA,short stories;
his style is described as"clean,fresh,vigorous,spare and concise"
THE OLD MAN AND THE SEA - the story,based on fact ,is about an old Cuban fisherman who ,after a period of bad luck,ventures far into the Gulfstream and hooks a giant marlin.He fights it for two days and nights before bringing it alongside,and then the sharks,which he fought until he had nothing left to fight with,eat all but the skeleton,which he tows home.This is an impressive hymn of human courage and boldness of spirit.The most famous lines of this Noble prize winner :"But man is not made for defeat.A MAN CAN BE DESTROYED BUT NOT DEFEATED"
FAREWELL TO ARMS - the violence and hypocrisy of war,the beauty of true love and an escape from the horror of war in nature and love.Lieutenant Henry deserts with his nurse lover CATHERINE,they live happily away from the fire of war,but she dies in childbirth.Excerpts from the novel about the war and Henry and Catherine's love:
"How you like this goddam war? - Rotten. I say it's rotten.Jesus Christ,it's rotten"
'They were all mechanics and they hated the war.' We think.We read.We are not peasants.We are mechanics.But even the peasants know better than to believe in a war.Everybody hates this war."
'There is a class that controls a country that is stupid and does not realise anything and never can.That is why we have this war. ' Also they make money out of it.'
' When I saw her I was in love with her.Everything turned over inside of me.'
' There isn't any me.I'm you.Don't make up a separate me.'
'Always isn't a pretty word.'(Catherine) 'We really are the same one and we mustn't misunderstand on purpose.' - We won't." - 'But people do.They love each other and they misunderstand on purpose and they fight and then suddenly they aren't the same one.' - 'We won't fight.' - 'We mustn't. Because there's only us two and in the world there's all the rest of them.If anything comes between us we're gone and then they have us.' - 'They won't get us' ,I said.'Because you are too brave.Nothing ever happens to the brave''They die of course' - 'But only once.'
'I don't know.Who said that?' - 'The coward dies a thousand deaths,the brave but one." - 'Who said it? ' - 'I don't know.'
'He was probably a coward.'she said.'He knew a great deal about cowards but nothing about the brave.The brave dies perhaps two thousand deaths if he's intelligent.He simply doesn't mention them.'

'That night at the hotel,in our room with the long empty hall outside and our shoes outside the door,a thick carpet on the floor of the room,outside the windows the rain falling and in the room light and pleasant and cheerful,then the light out and it exciting with smooth sheets and the bed comfortable,feeling that we had come home,feeling no longer alone,waking in the night to find the other one there ,and not gone away;all other things were unreal.We slept when we were tired and if we woke the other one woke too so one was not alone.Often a man wishes to be alone and a girl wishes to be alone too and if they love each other they are jealous of that in each other,but I can truly say we never felt that.We could feel alone when we were together,alone against the others.It has only happened to me like that once. I have been alone while I was with many girls and that is the way that you can be most lonely.But we were never lonely and never afraid when we were together.I know that the night is not the same as the day:that all things are different,that the things of the night cannot be explained in the day,because they do not then exist,and the night can be a dreadful time for lonely people once their loneliness has started. But with Catherine there was almost no difference in the night except that it was an even better time.If people bring so much courage to this world the world has to kill them to break them,so of course it kills them.The world breaks every one and afterward many are strong at the broken places.But those that will not break it kills.It kills the very good and the very gentle and the very brave impartially.If you are none of these you can be sure it will kill you too but there will be no special hurry."

"No man is an island entire of itself;every man is a piece of the continent,a part of the main; any man's death diminishes me,because I am involved in mankind;And therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls;It tolls for thee." JOHN DONNE - This is put as a motto and gave the title of the novel of Hemingway "For whom the bell tolls"

TO HAVE AND TO HAVE NOT - 'But women have a bad time really.The better you treat a man and the more you show him you love him the quicker he gets tired of you.'
' I suppose we all end up as bitches but whose fault is it? The bitches have the most fun but you have to be awfully stupid really to be a good one.Stupid and well-intentioned and really selfish to be a good one.Probably I'm one already.They say you can't tell and that you always think you are not .

Wuthering Heights - Plot Overview

In the late winter months of 1801, a man named Lockwood rents a manor house called Thrushcross Grange in the isolated moor country of England. Here, he meets his dour landlord, Heathcliff, a wealthy man who lives in the ancient manor of Wuthering Heights, four miles away from the Grange. In this wild, stormy countryside, Lockwood asks his housekeeper, Nelly Dean, to tell him the story of Heathcliff and the strange denizens of Wuthering Heights. Nelly consents, and Lockwood writes down his recollections of her tale in his diary; these written recollections form the main part of Wuthering Heights.



Nelly remembers her childhood. As a young girl, she works as a servant at Wuthering Heights for the owner of the manor, Mr. Earnshaw, and his family. One day, Mr. Earnshaw goes to Liverpool and returns home with an orphan boy whom he will raise with his own children. At first, the Earnshaw children—a boy named Hindley and his younger sister Catherine—detest the dark-skinned Heathcliff. But Catherine quickly comes to love him, and the two soon grow inseparable, spending their days playing on the moors. After his wife’s death, Mr. Earnshaw grows to prefer Heathcliff to his own son, and when Hindley continues his cruelty to Heathcliff, Mr. Earnshaw sends Hindley away to college, keeping Heathcliff nearby.

Three years later, Mr. Earnshaw dies, and Hindley inherits Wuthering Heights. He returns with a wife, Frances, and immediately seeks revenge on Heathcliff. Once an orphan, later a pampered and favored son, Heathcliff now finds himself treated as a common laborer, forced to work in the fields. Heathcliff continues his close relationship with Catherine, however. One night they wander to Thrushcross Grange, hoping to tease Edgar and Isabella Linton, the cowardly, snobbish children who live there. Catherine is bitten by a dog and is forced to stay at the Grange to recuperate for five weeks, during which time Mrs. Linton works to make her a proper young lady. By the time Catherine returns, she has become infatuated with Edgar, and her relationship with Heathcliff grows more complicated.

When Frances dies after giving birth to a baby boy named Hareton, Hindley descends into the depths of alcoholism, and behaves even more cruelly and abusively toward Heathcliff. Eventually, Catherine’s desire for social advancement prompts her to become engaged to Edgar Linton, despite her overpowering love for Heathcliff. Heathcliff runs away from Wuthering Heights, staying away for three years, and returning shortly after Catherine and Edgar’s marriage.

When Heathcliff returns, he immediately sets about seeking revenge on all who have wronged him. Having come into a vast and mysterious wealth, he deviously lends money to the drunken Hindley, knowing that Hindley will increase his debts and fall into deeper despondency. When Hindley dies, Heathcliff inherits the manor. He also places himself in line to inherit Thrushcross Grange by marrying Isabella Linton, whom he treats very cruelly. Catherine becomes ill, gives birth to a daughter, and dies. Heathcliff begs her spirit to remain on Earth—she may take whatever form she will, she may haunt him, drive him mad—just as long as she does not leave him alone. Shortly thereafter, Isabella flees to London and gives birth to Heathcliff’s son, named Linton after her family. She keeps the boy with her there.

Thirteen years pass, during which Nelly Dean serves as Catherine’s daughter’s nursemaid at Thrushcross Grange. Young Catherine is beautiful and headstrong like her mother, but her temperament is modified by her father’s gentler influence. Young Catherine grows up at the Grange with no knowledge of Wuthering Heights; one day, however, wandering through the moors, she discovers the manor, meets Hareton, and plays together with him. Soon afterwards, Isabella dies, and Linton comes to live with Heathcliff. Heathcliff treats his sickly, whining son even more cruelly than he treated the boy’s mother.


Three years later, Catherine meets Heathcliff on the moors, and makes a visit to Wuthering Heights to meet Linton. She and Linton begin a secret romance conducted entirely through letters. When Nelly destroys Catherine’s collection of letters, the girl begins sneaking out at night to spend time with her frail young lover, who asks her to come back and nurse him back to health. However, it quickly becomes apparent that Linton is pursuing Catherine only because Heathcliff is forcing him to; Heathcliff hopes that if Catherine marries Linton, his legal claim upon Thrushcross Grange—and his revenge upon Edgar Linton—will be complete. One day, as Edgar Linton grows ill and nears death, Heathcliff lures Nelly and Catherine back to Wuthering Heights, and holds them prisoner until Catherine marries Linton. Soon after the marriage, Edgar dies, and his death is quickly followed by the death of the sickly Linton. Heathcliff now controls both Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange. He forces Catherine to live at Wuthering Heights and act as a common servant, while he rents Thrushcross Grange to Lockwood.

Nelly’s story ends as she reaches the present. Lockwood, appalled, ends his tenancy at Thrushcross Grange and returns to London. However, six months later, he pays a visit to Nelly, and learns of further developments in the story. Although Catherine originally mocked Hareton’s ignorance and illiteracy (in an act of retribution, Heathcliff ended Hareton’s education after Hindley died), Catherine grows to love Hareton as they live together at Wuthering Heights. Heathcliff becomes more and more obsessed with the memory of the elder Catherine, to the extent that he begins speaking to her ghost. Everything he sees reminds him of her. Shortly after a night spent walking on the moors, Heathcliff dies. Hareton and young Catherine inherit Wuthering Heights and Thrushcross Grange, and they plan to be married on the next New Year’s Day. After hearing the end of the story, Lockwood goes to visit the graves of Catherine and Heathcliff.

JANE EYRE PLOT OVERVIEW

Jane Eyre is a young orphan being raised by Mrs. Reed, her cruel, wealthy aunt. A servant named Bessie provides Jane with some of the few kindnesses she receives, telling her stories and singing songs to her. One day, as punishment for fighting with her bullying cousin John Reed, Jane’s aunt imprisons Jane in the red-room, the room in which Jane’s Uncle Reed died. While locked in, Jane, believing that she sees her uncle’s ghost, screams and faints. She wakes to find herself in the care of Bessie and the kindly apothecary Mr. Lloyd, who suggests to Mrs. Reed that Jane be sent away to school. To Jane’s delight, Mrs. Reed concurs.


Once at the Lowood School, Jane finds that her life is far from idyllic. The school’s headmaster is Mr. Brocklehurst, a cruel, hypocritical, and abusive man. Brocklehurst preaches a doctrine of poverty and privation to his students while using the school’s funds to provide a wealthy and opulent lifestyle for his own family. At Lowood, Jane befriends a young girl named Helen Burns, whose strong, martyrlike attitude toward the school’s miseries is both helpful and displeasing to Jane. A massive typhus epidemic sweeps Lowood, and Helen dies of consumption. The epidemic also results in the departure of Mr. Brocklehurst by attracting attention to the insalubrious conditions at Lowood. After a group of more sympathetic gentlemen takes Brocklehurst’s place, Jane’s life improves dramatically. She spends eight more years at Lowood, six as a student and two as a teacher.



After teaching for two years, Jane yearns for new experiences. She accepts a governess position at a manor called Thornfield, where she teaches a lively French girl named Adèle. The distinguished housekeeper Mrs. Fairfax presides over the estate. Jane’s employer at Thornfield is a dark, impassioned man named Rochester, with whom Jane finds herself falling secretly in love. She saves Rochester from a fire one night, which he claims was started by a drunken servant named Grace Poole. But because Grace Poole continues to work at Thornfield, Jane concludes that she has not been told the entire story. Jane sinks into despondency when Rochester brings home a beautiful but vicious woman named Blanche Ingram. Jane expects Rochester to propose to Blanche. But Rochester instead proposes to Jane, who accepts almost disbelievingly.



The wedding day arrives, and as Jane and Mr. Rochester prepare to exchange their vows, the voice of Mr. Mason cries out that Rochester already has a wife. Mason introduces himself as the brother of that wife—a woman named Bertha. Mr. Mason testifies that Bertha, whom Rochester married when he was a young man in Jamaica, is still alive. Rochester does not deny Mason’s claims, but he explains that Bertha has gone mad. He takes the wedding party back to Thornfield, where they witness the insane Bertha Mason scurrying around on all fours and growling like an animal. Rochester keeps Bertha hidden on the third story of Thornfield and pays Grace Poole to keep his wife under control. Bertha was the real cause of the mysterious fire earlier in the story. Knowing that it is impossible for her to be with Rochester, Jane flees Thornfield.


Penniless and hungry, Jane is forced to sleep outdoors and beg for food. At last, three siblings who live in a manor alternatively called Marsh End and Moor House take her in. Their names are Mary, Diana, and St. John (pronounced “Sinjin”) Rivers, and Jane quickly becomes friends with them. St. John is a clergyman, and he finds Jane a job teaching at a charity school in Morton. He surprises her one day by declaring that her uncle, John Eyre, has died and left her a large fortune: 20,000 pounds. When Jane asks how he received this news, he shocks her further by declaring that her uncle was also his uncle: Jane and the Riverses are cousins. Jane immediately decides to share her inheritance equally with her three newfound relatives.


St. John decides to travel to India as a missionary, and he urges Jane to accompany him—as his wife. Jane agrees to go to India but refuses to marry her cousin because she does not love him. St. John pressures her to reconsider, and she nearly gives in. However, she realizes that she cannot abandon forever the man she truly loves when one night she hears Rochester’s voice calling her name over the moors. Jane immediately hurries back to Thornfield and finds that it has been burned to the ground by Bertha Mason, who lost her life in the fire. Rochester saved the servants but lost his eyesight and one of his hands. Jane travels on to Rochester’s new residence, Ferndean, where he lives with two servants named John and Mary.

At Ferndean, Rochester and Jane rebuild their relationship and soon marry. At the end of her story, Jane writes that she has been married for ten blissful years and that she and Rochester enjoy perfect equality in their life together. She says that after two years of blindness, Rochester regained sight in one eye and was able to behold their first son at his birth.

source: sparknotes

QUESTIONS FOR TEST ON PURITANISM

The Puritan Movement in England - historical background;
Puritanism in America: Calvin's Doctrine,
the Enlightenment or the Age of Reason;
American Enlightenment- Am. Enlighteners;
The Restoration period;
the Commonwealth. Cromwell;
Historical and Social Background of the War of Independence;
Problems the War of Independence solved;
Liberal humanism, the Aspects of the American National Ideology;
The Doctrine of Natural Man;
Puritanism in America – the Symbol of America;
The Stuart idea of the divine rights of kings, periods;
Literature of the Puritan and Restoration period, authors;
Jonathan Swift – about him, books;
James I; Charles I

LITERARY TERMS: satire, parody, bathos, political pamphlet /pamphleteering/

Summaries of chapters from Gulliver's Travels

Summmary of 'Diversions'

There are two types of diversions. They are performed by people who want to get a higher position in court. The first one is dancing on a rope which is one meter above the ground. The candidates have to jump and do summersaults without falling on the ground, which may cause physical injuries. The second one is crawling under a stick (which is held by the Emperor and the Prime minister) or jumping over it in order to get one of the three fine silken threads which are in fact rewards of the competion.

Swift's attitude to war:

Swift describes the reasons for the war between Liliput and Blefuscu – it is because of the way of breaking eggs before eating them. In one of the empires the eggs are broken upon the larger end, in the other empire – they are broken upon the smaller end. By doing this Swift shows how senseless war is. Liliput and Blefusku stand for England and France and the many sensless wars they waged. He also satirises the religious fights and differences which seem pointless to him.

How Swift describes England: /book 2 Ch.6/

In England virtues are perverted into cruelty, idleness, rage, hatred, envy , lust , malice etc. This is the reason why there are so many conspiracies, rebellions, murders, banishments and corruption. The legislators in the country are general symbols of ignorance, idleness, and vice.

Gulliver's Travels

Gulliver in Liliput

QUESTIONS FOR THE LITERATURE TEST

1.Novel - you have it in the blog - what is a novel; favourable conditions; literary influences; ancestry of the novel, hist.background - progress and inventions;
2.Victorian period: only Reforms and Progress in industry, science;
3.American literature, review
4.Aestheticism, Modernism, Decadance, Stream of Consciousness - общи характеристики, накратко
5.Authors: Books and a sentence or two for major themes or characteristics:
- Dickens, Thackerey; Oscar Wilde; Virginia Woolf; James Joyce; D.H.Lawrence; T.S.Eliot; W.B.Yeats;
Americans: W.Irving; Fenimore Cooper; Edgar Alan Poe; Hawthorne; Melville; Mark Twain; Fitzgerald